The Challenge
By Edward Barnard
STOP. Read this first. This article may look like historical research, but it is actually demonstrating how AI companies train Large Language Models like ChatGPT and Claude, a process that costs hundreds of millions of dollars. Every element in this article (book cover and aircraft photos) corresponds to elements in LLM training. The tables near the beginning show these correspondences. If you skip ahead thinking “this is just research methodology”, you will miss something that, to my knowledge, has never been explained this way before. by Edward Barnard
This article was originally published in the December 2025 issue of PHP Architect magazine. To read the complete article please subscribe or purchase the complete issue.



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